PV(1)

NAME
pv - monitor and manage the progress of data through a pipe

SYNOPSIS
pv [OPTION]... [FILE]...

pv [OPTION]... -d|--watchfd PID[:FD]|=NAME|@LISTFILE...

pv -R|--remote PID [OPTION]...

pv -Q|--query PID [OPTION]...

DESCRIPTION
Show the progress of data through a pipeline by giving information such as time elapsed, percentage completed (with progress bar), current throughput rate, total data transferred, and ETA. The data flow rate, error handling strategy, buffer size, and cache interaction can all be adjusted.

Each FILE is copied to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is “-”, standard input is read.

In “--watchfd” mode, inspect another process and show its progress through the files it has open.

OPTIONS

  Display switches
If no display switches are specified, pv behaves as if “--progress”, “--timer”, “--eta”, “--rate”, and “--bytes” had been given. Otherwise, only those display types that are explicitly switched on will be shown.

-p, --progress
    Turn the progress bar on. If any inputs are not files, or are unreadable, and no size was explicitly given with “--size”, the progress bar cannot indicate how close to completion the transfer is, so it will just move left and right to indicate that data is moving - or, with “--gauge”, the bar will indicate the current rate as a percentage of the maximum rate seen so far.

-t, --timer
    Turn the timer on. This will display the total elapsed time that pv has been running for.

-e, --eta
    Turn the ETA countdown on. This will estimate, based on current transfer rates and the total data size, how long it will be before completion. The countdown is prefixed with “ETA”. This option will have no effect if the total data size cannot be determined.

-I, --fineta
    Turn the ETA countdown on, but display the estimated local time at which the transfer will finish, instead of the amount of time remaining. When the estimated time is more than 6 hours in the future, the date is shown as well. The time is prefixed with “FIN” for finish time. As with “--eta”, this option will have no effect if the total data size cannot be determined.

-r, --rate
    Turn the rate counter on. This will display the current rate of data transfer. The rate is shown in square brackets “[]”.

-a, --average-rate
    Turn the average rate counter on. This will display the current average rate of data transfer, over the last 30 seconds by default (see “--average-rate-window”). The average rate is shown in brackets “()”.

-b, --bytes
    Turn the total byte counter on. This will display the total amount of data transferred so far.

-T, --buffer-percent
    Turn on the transfer buffer percentage display. This will show the percentage of the transfer buffer in use. Implies “--no-splice”. The transfer buffer percentage is shown in curly brackets “{}”.

-A NUM, --last-written NUM
    Show the last NUM bytes written. Implies “--no-splice”.

-F FORMAT, --format FORMAT
    Ignore all of the above options and instead use the format string FORMAT to determine the output format. See the FORMATTING section below.

-n, --numeric
    Numeric output. Instead of giving a visual indication of progress, write an integer percentage, one per line, on standard error, suitable for passing to a tool such as dialog(1). Note that “--force” is not required if “--numeric” is being used.

    Combining “--numeric” with “--bytes” will cause the number of bytes processed so far to be output instead of a percentage. Adding “--line-mode” as well as “--bytes” writes the number of lines instead of bytes or a percentage. Adding “--rate” adds the transfer rate to each output line (if “--bytes” is also in use, the rate comes after the byte/line count). Adding “--timer” prefixes each output line with the elapsed time so far, as a decimal number of seconds.

    Combining “--numeric” with “--format” allows for custom output. The default format string components for “--numeric” are “%t %b %r %{progress-amount-only}” in that order, each item being active or inactive according to the rules above (so the default with no other options is “%{progress-amount-only}”.

-q, --quiet
    No output. Useful if the “--rate-limit” option is being used on its own to limit the transfer rate of a pipe.

  Output modifiers

-8, --bits
    Use bits instead of bytes for the byte and rate counters. The output suffix will be “b” instead of “B”.

-k, --si
    Display and interpret suffixes as multiples of 1000 rather than the default of 1024. Note that this only takes effect on options after this one, so for consistency, specify this option first.

-W, --wait
    Wait until the first byte has been transferred before showing any progress information or calculating any ETAs. Useful if the program you are piping to or from requires extra information before it starts, such as when piping data into gpg(1) or mcrypt(1) which require a passphrase before data can be processed.

-D SEC, --delay-start SEC
    Wait until SEC seconds have passed before showing any progress information, for example in a script where you only want to show a progress bar if it starts taking a long time. The value of SEC can be a decimal such as “0.5”.

-s SIZE, --size SIZE
    Assume the total amount of data to be transferred is SIZE bytes when calculating percentages and ETAs. A suffix of “K”, “M”, “G”, or “T” can be added to denote kibibytes (*1024), mebibytes, gibibytes, tebibytes. If “--si” appears before this option, suffixes will denote kilobytes (*1000), megabytes, and so on instead.

    If SIZE starts with “@”, the size of file whose name follows the @ will be used; if that is a directory, the size of all files under it will be used, like “du --apparent-size -b”.

-g, --gauge
    If the progress bar is shown but the size is not known, then instead of moving the bar left and right to show progress, show the current transfer rate as a percentage of the maximum rate seen so far.

-l, --line-mode
    Instead of counting bytes, count lines (newline characters). The progress bar will only move when a new line is found, and the value passed to “--size” will be interpreted as a line count.

    If this option is used without “--size”, the "total size" (in this case, total line count) is calculated by reading through all input files once before transfer starts. If any inputs are pipes or non-regular files, or are unreadable, the total size will not be calculated.

-0, --null
    Count lines as terminated with a null byte instead of with a newline. This option implies “--line-mode”.

-i SEC, --interval SEC
    Wait SEC seconds between updates. The default is to update every second. The value of SEC can be a decimal such as “0.1”.

-m SEC, --average-rate-window SEC
    Compute current average rate over a SEC seconds window for average rate and ETA calculations. The default is 30 seconds. The value must be an integer.

-w WIDTH, --width WIDTH
    Assume the terminal is WIDTH columns wide, instead of trying to work it out (or assuming 80 if it cannot be guessed). If this option is used, the output width will not be adjusted if the width of the terminal changes while the transfer is running.

-H HEIGHT, --height HEIGHT
    Assume the terminal is HEIGHT rows high, instead of trying to work it out (or assuming 25 if it cannot be guessed). If this option is used, the output height will not be adjusted if the height of the terminal changes while the transfer is running.

-N NAME, --name NAME
    Prefix the output information with NAME. Useful in conjunction with “--cursor” if you have a complicated pipeline and you want to be able to tell different parts of it apart.

-u STYLE, --bar-style STYLE
    Change the default progress bar style shown by “--progress”, or by the “--format” sequences “%{progress}” or “%{progress-bar-only}”, to STYLE. The STYLE can be one of plain (the default), block, granular, or shaded. These styles are described in the FORMATTING section below.

-x SPEC, --extra-display SPEC
    As well as displaying progress to the terminal, also write it to SPEC. The SPEC must start with a comma-separated list of destinations, and can optionally be followed by a colon and a format string. The destinations can be windowtitle or window for the xterm window title, and processtitle, proctitle, process, or proc for the process title displayed by ps(1). If a format string is not supplied, the same format is used as for the terminal. For example, “-x 'window,process:%t %b %r'” will show the elapsed time, bytes transferred, and rate, in both the window title and the process title.

-v, --stats
    At the end of the transfer, write an additional line showing the transfer rate minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation. The values are always in bytes per second (or bits, with “--bits”).

-f, --force
    Force output. Normally, pv will not output any visual display if standard error is not a terminal. This option forces it to do so.

-c, --cursor
    Use cursor positioning escape sequences instead of just using carriage returns. This is useful in conjunction with “--name” if you are using multiple pv invocations in a single pipeline.

  Data transfer modifiers

-o FILE, --output FILE
    Write data to FILE instead of standard output. If the file already exists, it will be truncated.

-L RATE, --rate-limit RATE
    Limit the transfer to a maximum of RATE bytes per second. The same suffixes as “--size” can be used.

-B BYTES, --buffer-size BYTES
    Use a transfer buffer size of BYTES bytes. The same suffixes as “--size” can be used. The default buffer size is the block size of the input file's filesystem multiplied by 32 (512KiB max), or 400KiB if the block size cannot be determined. This can be useful on platforms like macOS with pipelines that perform better with specific buffer sizes such as 1024. Implies “--no-splice”.

-C, --no-splice
    Never use splice(2), even if it would normally be possible. The splice(2) system call is a more efficient way of transferring data from or to a pipe than regular read(2) and write(2), but means that the transfer buffer may not be used. This prevents “--buffer-percent” and “--last-written” from working, cannot work with “--sparse” or “--discard”, and makes “--buffer-size” redundant, so using any of those options automatically switches on “--no-splice”. Switching on this option results in a small loss of transfer efficiency. It has no effect on systems where splice(2) is unavailable.

-E, --skip-errors
    Ignore read errors by attempting to skip past the offending sections. The corresponding parts of the output will be null bytes. At first only a few bytes will be skipped, but if there are many errors in a row then the skips will move up to chunks of 512. This is intended to be similar to “dd conv=sync,noerror”.

    Specify “--skip-errors” twice to only report a read error once per file, instead of reporting each byte range skipped.

-Z BYTES, --error-skip-block BYTES
    When ignoring read errors with “--skip-errors”, instead of trying to adaptively skip by reading small amounts and skipping progressively larger sections until a read succeeds, move to the next file block of BYTES bytes as soon as an error occurs. There may still be some shorter skips where the block being skipped coincides with the end of the transfer buffer. The same suffixes as “--size” can be used.

    This option can only be used with “--skip-errors” and is intended for use when reading from a block device, such as “--skip-errors --error-skip-block 4K” to skip in 4 kibibyte blocks. This will speed up reads from faulty media, at the expense of potentially losing more data.

-S, --stop-at-size
    If a size was specified with “--size”, stop transferring data once that many bytes have been written, instead of continuing to the end of input.

-Y, --sync
    After every write operation, synchronise the buffer caches to disk with fdatasync(2). This has no effect when the output is a pipe. Using “--sync” may improve the accuracy of the progress bar when writing to a slow disk.

-K, --direct-io
    Set the O_DIRECT flag on all inputs and outputs, if it is available. This will minimise the effect of caches, at the cost of performance. Due to memory alignment requirements, it also may cause read or write failures with an error of “Invalid argument”, especially if reading and writing files across a variety of filesystems in a single pv call. Use this option with caution.

-O, --sparse
    When writing null bytes, try to seek, producing a sparse output file. Implies “--no-splice”. On filesystems without sparse file support, or when the output is not seekable, this option will have no effect other than to turn on “--no-splice”.

-X, --discard
    Instead of transferring input data to standard output, discard it. This is equivalent to redirecting standard output to /dev/null, except that write(2) is never called. Implies “--no-splice”.

-U FILE, --store-and-forward FILE
    Instead of passing data through immediately, do it in two stages - first read all input and write it to FILE, and then once the input is exhausted, read all of FILE and write it to the output. FILE remains in place afterwards, unless it is “-”, in which case pv creates a temporary file for this purpose, and automatically removes it afterwards.

    This can be useful if you have a pipeline which generates data (your input) quickly but you don't know the size, and you wish to pass it to some slower process, once all of the input has been generated and you know its size, so you can see its progress. Note that when doing this with relatively small amounts of data, “--no-splice” may be preferable so that pipe buffering doesn't affect the progress display.

  Alternative operating modes

-d, --watchfd PID[:FD]|=NAME|@LISTFILE...
    Instead of transferring data, watch file descriptor FD of process PID, and show its progress. Other data transfer modifiers - and remote control - may not be used with this option.

    If a PID is specified without an FD, then that process will be watched, and all regular files and block devices it opens will be shown with a progress bar.

    If a NAME is specified, prefixed with "=", then processes with that name will be found with pgrep(1), and as watched described above.

    If a LISTFILE is specified, prefixed with "@", the lines in that file will be used as additional arguments.

    All remaining non-option arguments will also be treated as additional arguments.

    The pv process will exit when all FDs have either changed to a different file, changed read/write mode, or have closed, and all PIDs (without a specific FD) have exited.

-R PID, --remote PID
    Remotely control another instance of pv with process ID PID, making it act as though it had been given this instance's command line. For example, if “pv --rate-limit 123K” is running with process ID 9876, then running “pv --remote 9876 --rate-limit 321K” will cause process 9876 to start using a rate limit of 321KiB instead of 123KiB. Note that some options cannot be changed while running, such as “--cursor”, “--line-mode”, “--force”, “--delay-start”, “--skip-errors”, and “--stop-at-size”.

-Q PID, --query PID
    Display the transfer progress of another instance of pv with process ID PID, owned by the same user.

    Some output modifiers can only be used while querying another process if they match those of that process - such as “--line-mode”, “--null”, and “--average-rate-window”. Data transfer modifiers will have no effect.

  Other options

-P FILE, --pidfile FILE
    Save the process ID of pv in FILE. The file will be replaced if it already exists, and will be removed when pv exits. While pv is running, FILE will contain a single number - the process ID of pv - followed by a newline.

-h, --help
    Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.

-V, --version
    Print version information on standard output and exit successfully.

FORMATTING
Format strings used by “--format” and “--extra-display” can contain the following sequences:

%p, %{progress}
    Progress bar (suffixed with a percentage if the size is known). Equivalent to “--progress”. Expands to fill the remaining space unless prefixed by a number to set the width, such as “%20p” or “%20{progress}”.

%{progress-bar-only}
    Progress bar, without any sides, and without any percentage displayed afterwards. Expands to fill the remaining space unless prefixed by a number.

%{progress-amount-only}
    The percentage completion (or maximum rate, with “--gauge” when the size is unknown).

%{bar-plain}
    Progress bar in the standard plain format, without any sides, and without any percentage displayed afterwards. Expands to fill the remaining space unless prefixed by a number.

%{bar-block}
    Progress bar using Unicode full blocks, without any sides, and without any percentage displayed afterwards. Expands to fill the remaining space unless prefixed by a number. If UTF-8 output is not available, the plain format is used.

%{bar-granular}
    Progress bar using Unicode full blocks, and 1/8th blocks for partial fills, providing a more granular display. Like the other “%{bar}” strings this shows the bar without any sides, and without any percentage displayed afterwards, and expands to fill the remaining space unless prefixed by a number. If UTF-8 output is not available, the plain format is used.

%{bar-shaded}
    Progress bar using Unicode full blocks and shade characters - dark and medium shade are used for partial fills, and the light shade is used for the background. Like the other “%{bar}” strings this shows the bar without any sides, and without any percentage displayed afterwards, and expands to fill the remaining space unless prefixed by a number. If UTF-8 output is not available, the plain format is used.

%t, %{timer}
    Elapsed time. Equivalent to “--timer”.

%e, %{eta}
    ETA as time remaining. Equivalent to “--eta”.

%I, %{fineta}
    ETA as local time at which the transfer will finish. Equivalent to “--fineta”.

%r, %{rate}
    Current data transfer rate. Equivalent to “--rate”.

%a, %{average-rate}
    Average data transfer rate. Equivalent to “--average-rate”.

%b, %{bytes}, %{transferred}
    Bytes transferred so far (or lines if “--line-mode” was specified). Equivalent to “--bytes”. If “--bits” was specified, “%b” shows the bits transferred so far, not bytes.

%T, %{buffer-percent}
    Percentage of the transfer buffer in use. Equivalent to “--buffer-percent”. Displays “{----}” if the transfer is being done with splice(2), since splicing to or from pipes does not use the buffer.

%nA, %n{last-written}
    Show the last n bytes written (for example, “%16A” shows the last 16 bytes). Shows only dots if the transfer is being done with splice(2), since splicing to or from pipes does not use the buffer.

%nL, %n{previous-line}
    Show the first n bytes of the most recently written line (for example, “%40L” shows the first 40 bytes). If no n is given, then this expands to fill the available space. Shows only spaces if the transfer is being done with splice(2).

%N, %{name}
    Show the name prefix given by “--name”. Padded to 9 characters with spaces, and suffixed with “:”.

%{sgr:colour,...}
    Emit ECMA-48 SGR (Select Graphic Rendition) codes if the terminal supports colours, where colour,... is a comma-separated list of any of the keywords below, or the numeric values from console_codes(4). If colour support is not available, nothing is emitted.

    Supported keywords are: reset or none, black, red, green, brown or yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, white, fg-black, fg-red, fg-green, fg-brown or fg-yellow, fg-blue, fg-magenta, fg-cyan, fg-white, fg-default, bg-black, bg-red, bg-green, bg-brown or bg-yellow, bg-blue, bg-magenta, bg-cyan, bg-white, bg-default, bold, dim, italic, underscore or underline, blink, reverse, no-bold or no-dim, no-italic, no-underscore or no-underline, no-blink, no-reverse.

    With colours, the optional "fg-" prefix indicates foreground; a prefix of "bg-" indicates background.

    For example, “%{sgr:green,bold}TEXT%{sgr:reset}“ will make TEXT bold green on supported terminals.

%%  A single “%”.

Any other contents are reproduced in the progress display as-is.

The format string equivalent of the default display switches is “%b %t %r %p %e”.

EXAMPLES
Some suggested common switch combinations:

pv -ptebar
    Show a progress bar, elapsed time, estimated completion time, byte counter, average rate, and current rate.

pv -betlap
    Show a progress bar, elapsed time, estimated completion time, line counter, and average rate, counting lines instead of bytes.

pv -btrpg
    Show the amount transferred, elapsed time, current rate, and a gauge showing the current rate as a percentage of the maximum rate seen - useful in a pipeline where the total size is unknown. (If the size is known, these options will show the percentage completion instead of the rate gauge).

pv -t
    Show only the elapsed time - useful as a simple timer, such as “sleep 10m | pv -t”.

pv -pterb
    The default behaviour: progress bar, elapsed time, estimated completion time, current rate, and byte counter.

On macOS, it may be useful to specify “--buffer-size 1024” in a pipeline, as this may improve performance.

To watch how quickly a file is transferred using nc(1):

    pv file | nc -w 1 somewhere.com 3000

A similar example, transferring a file from another process and passing the expected size to pv:

    cat file | pv --size 12345 | nc -w 1 somewhere.com 3000

To watch the progress of creating a tar.gz archive:

    tar cf - directory/ \
    | pv --size $(du -sb directory/ | awk '{print $1}') \
    | gzip -9 \
    > out.tar.gz

An alternative way of doing the same thing:

    tar cf - directory/ \
    | pv --size @directory/ \
    | gzip -9 \
    > out.tar.gz

Taking an image of a disk, skipping errors:

    pv -EE /dev/your/disk/device > disk-image.img

Writing an image back to a disk:

    pv disk-image.img > /dev/your/disk/device

Zeroing a disk:

    pv < /dev/zero > /dev/your/disk/device

Note that if the input size cannot be calculated, and the output is a block device, then the size of the block device will be used and pv will automatically stop at that size as if “--stop-at-size” had been given.

(Linux and macOS only): Watching file descriptor 3 opened by another process 1234:

    pv --watchfd 1234:3

(Linux and macOS only): Watching all file descriptors used by process 1234:

    pv --watchfd 1234

Rate-limiting the transfer between two processes in a pipeline, with no display:

    producer | pv --quiet --rate-limit 1M | consumer

Sending logs to a processing script, showing the most recent line as part of the progress display:

    pv --format '%a %p : %L' big.log | processing-script

Showing progress as lines of JSON data:

    pv --numeric --format '{"elapsed":%t,"bytes":%b,"rate":%r,"percentage":%{progress-amount-only}}' big.log | processing-script

EXIT STATUS
An exit status of 1 indicates a problem with the “--remote”, “--query”, or “--pidfile” options.

Any other exit status is a bitmask of the following:

2   One or more files could not be accessed, stat(2)ed, or opened.

4   An input file was the same as the output file.

8   Internal error with closing a file or moving to the next file.

16  There was an error while transferring data from one or more input files.

32  A signal was caught that caused an early exit.

64  Memory allocation failed.

A zero exit status indicates no problems.

ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables may affect pv:

HOME
    The current user's home directory. This may be used by “--remote” and “--query” to exchange messages between pv instances: if the /run/user/UID/ directory does not exist (where UID is the current user ID), then $HOME/.pv/ will be used instead.

TMPDIR, TMP
    The directory to create per-tty lock files for the terminal when using “--cursor”. If TMPDIR is set to a non-empty value, it is the directory under which lock files are created. Otherwise, TMP is used. If neither are set, then /tmp is used.

NOTES
In some versions of bash(1) and zsh(1), the construct “<(pv filename)” will not output any progress to the terminal when run from an interactive shell, due to the subprocess being run in a separate process group from the one that owns the terminal. In these cases, use “--force”.

If pv is used in a pipeline in zsh version 5.8, and the last command in the pipeline is based on shell builtins, zsh takes control of the terminal away from pv, preventing progress from being displayed. For example, this will produce no progress bar:

    pv InputFile | { while read -r line; do sleep 0.1; done; }

To work around this, put the last commands of the pipeline in normal brackets to force the use of a subshell:

    pv InputFile | ( while read -r line; do sleep 0.1; done; )

Refer to issue #105 (https://codeberg.org/ivarch/pv/issues/105) for full details.

The “--remote” and “--query” options require that either /run/user/<uid>/ or $HOME/ can be written to, for inter-process communication.

The “--size” option has no effect if used with “--watchfd PID” to watch all file descriptors of a process, but will work with “--watchfd PID:FD” to watch a single file descriptor.

If the input size cannot be calculated, and the output is a block device, then pv will read the output device's size, use that as if it had been passed to “--size”, and activate “--stop-at-size”.

The “%nA” and “%nL” format sequences may not be effective with small input files, and “%nL” may be a few lines out due to buffering within the pipeline itself.

Numbers passed to “--size”, “--rate-limit”, “--buffer-size”, and “--error-skip-block” may all be expressed as decimals if followed by a suffix, so for example “--size 1.5G” is equivalent to “--size 1536M”.

Numbers passed to “--interval” and “--delay-start” may be integers or decimals, but may not have a suffix.

Numbers passed to “--last-written”, “--width”, “--height”, “--average-rate-window”, “--remote”, and “--query” must be integers with no suffix.

When “--sparse” is in effect and output is being written to a file, that file may look like it has stopped growing if inspected with ls(1) while null bytes are being written, even though pv still reports progress. This is because of the way sparse output is achieved, and the file will be the correct size when the transfer ends.

REPORTING BUGS
Please report bugs or feature requests via the issue tracker linked from the pv home page (https://ivarch.com/p/pv).

SEE ALSO
cat(1), splice(2), fdatasync(2), open(2) (for O_DIRECT), console_codes(4)

COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2002-2008, 2010, 2012-2015, 2017, 2021, 2023-2026 Andrew Wood.

License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later (https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html).

This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Please see the package's ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS file for a complete list of contributors.