lists — stdlib v8.0

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# lists (stdlib v8.0)

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List processing functions.

This module contains functions for list processing.

Unless otherwise stated, all functions assume that position numbering starts at 1. That is, the first element of a list is at position 1.

Two terms `T1` and `T2` compare equal if `T1 == T2` evaluates to `true`. They match if `T1 =:= T2` evaluates to `true`.

Whenever an ordering function `F` is expected as argument, it is assumed that the following properties hold of `F` for all x, y, and z:

- If x `F` y and y `F` x, then x = y (`F` is antisymmetric).
- If x `F` y and y `F` z, then x `F` z (`F` is transitive).
- x `F` y or y `F` x (`F` is total).

An example of a typical ordering function is less than or equal to: `=</2`.

## Summary

### Functions

all(Pred, List)

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for all elements `Elem` in `List`; otherwise, returns `false`.

any(Pred, List)

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for at least one element `Elem` in `List`; otherwise, returns `false`.

append(ListOfLists)

Returns a list in which all sublists of `ListOfLists` have been concatenated.

append(List1, List2)

Returns a new list, `List3`, consisting of the elements of `List1`, followed by the elements of `List2`.

concat(Things)

Concatenates the text representation of the elements of `Things`.

delete(Elem, List1)

Returns a copy of `List1` where the first element matching `Elem` is removed, if there is such an element.

droplast(List)

Drops the last element of a `List`.

dropwhile(Pred, List1)

Drops elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, and then returns the remaining list.

duplicate(N, Elem)

Returns a list containing `N` copies of term `Elem`.

enumerate(List1)

Equivalent to `enumerate(1, 1, List1)`.

enumerate(Index, List1)

Equivalent to `enumerate(Index, 1, List1)`.

enumerate(Index, Step, List1)

Returns `List1` with each element `H` replaced by a tuple of form `{I, H}`, where `I` is the position of `H` in `List1`.

filter(Pred, List1)

Returns a list of elements `Elem` in `List1` for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`.

filtermap(Fun, List1)

Calls `Fun(Elem)` on successive elements `Elem` of `List1` to update or remove elements from `List1`.

flatlength(DeepList)

Equivalent to `length(flatten(DeepList))`, but more efficient.

flatmap(Fun, List1)

Takes a function from `A`s to lists of `B`s, and a list of `A`s (`List1`), producing a list of `B`s by applying the function to each element in `List1` and appending the resulting lists.

flatten(DeepList)

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList`.

flatten(DeepList, Tail)

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList` with tail `Tail` appended.

foldl(Fun, Acc0, List)

Calls `Fun(Elem, AccIn)` on successive elements `A` of `List`, starting with `AccIn` bound to `Acc0`.

foldr(Fun, Acc0, List)

Like `foldl/3`, but the list is traversed from right to left.

foreach(Fun, List)

Calls `Fun(Elem)` for each element `Elem` in `List`, ignoring the return value.

join(Sep, List1)

Inserts `Sep` between each element in `List1`.

keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1)

Returns a copy of `TupleList1`, where the first occurrence of a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is removed, if there is such a tuple.

keyfind(Key, N, TupleList)

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`.

keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1)

Returns a list of tuples where, for each tuple in `TupleList1`, the `N`th element `Term1` of the tuple has been replaced with the result of calling `Fun(Term1)`.

keymember(Key, N, TupleList)

Returns `true` if `TupleList` contains a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`; otherwise, returns `false`.

keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2`.

keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a tuple `T` whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is replaced with `NewTuple`, if there is such a tuple `T`.

keysearch(Key, N, TupleList)

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`.

keysort(N, TupleList1)

Returns a list of the elements in `TupleList1`, sorted by the `N`th element of each tuple.

keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` with the first tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` replaced by `NewTuple`, or with `[NewTuple]` appended if no such tuple exists.

keytake(Key, N, TupleList1)

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList1` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`, returning `{value, Tuple, TupleList2}` if found, where `TupleList2` is a copy of `TupleList1` with the first occurrence of `Tuple` removed.

last(List)

Returns the last element in `List`.

map(Fun, List1)

Takes a function from `A`s to `B`s and a list of `A`s, producing a list of `B`s by applying the function to each element in the list.

mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1)

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldl/3` into one pass.

mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1)

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldr/3` into one pass.

max(List)

Returns the first element of `List` that compares greater than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

member(Elem, List)

Returns `true` if `Elem` matches some element of `List`; otherwise, returns `false`.

merge3(List1, List2, List3)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`.

merge(ListOfLists)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all sublists of `ListOfLists`.

merge(List1, List2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`.

merge(Fun, List1, List2)

Returns a sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2` based on `Fun`.

min(List)

Returns the first element of `List` that compares less than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

nth(N, List)

Returns the `N`th element of `List`.

nthtail(N, List)

Returns the `N`th tail of `List`, meaning the sublist of `List` starting at `N+1` and continuing to the end of the list.

partition(Pred, List)

Partitions `List` into two lists: the first containing elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, and the second containing elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `false`.

prefix(List1, List2)

Returns `true` if `List1` is a prefix of `List2`; otherwise, returns `false`.

reverse(List1)

Returns a list containing the elements in `List1` in reverse order.

reverse(List1, Tail)

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` in reverse order, with tail `Tail` appended.

search(Pred, List)

If there is a `Value` in `List` such that `Pred(Value)` returns `true`, returns `{value, Value}` for the first such `Value`; otherwise, returns `false`.

seq(From, To)

Equivalent to `seq(From, To, 1)`.

seq(From, To, Incr)

Returns a sequence of integers that starts with `From` and contains the successive results of adding `Incr` to the previous element, until `To` is reached or passed (in the latter case, `To` is not an element of the sequence).

sort(List1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1`.

sort(Fun, List1)

Returns a list of the elements in `List1`, sorted according to the ordering function `Fun`, where `Fun(A, B)` returns `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering; otherwise, it returns `false`.

split(N, List1)

Splits `List1` into `List2`, containing the first `N` elements, and `List3`, containing the rest.

splitwith(Pred, List)

Partitions `List` into two lists according to `Pred`.

sublist(List1, Len)

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at position 1 and with no more than `Len` elements.

sublist(List1, Start, Len)

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at `Start` and with no more than `Len` elements.

subtract(List1, List2)

Returns a new list, `List3`, which is a copy of `List1` with the following modification: for each element in `List2`, its first occurrence in `List1` is removed.

suffix(List1, List2)

Returns `true` if `List1` is a suffix of `List2`; otherwise, returns `false`.

sum(List)

Returns the sum of the elements in `List`.

takewhile(Pred, List1)

Takes elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, returning the longest prefix in which all elements satisfy the predicate.

ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2` based on the `N`th element of each tuple.

ukeysort(N, TupleList1)

Returns a sorted list of the elements in `TupleList1`, keeping only the first occurrence of tuples whose `N`th elements compare equal.

umerge3(List1, List2, List3)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`, while removing duplicates.

umerge(ListOfLists)

Returns a sorted list formed by merging all sublists in `ListOfLists`, while removing duplicates.

umerge(List1, List2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`, while removing duplicates.

umerge(Fun, List1, List2)

Returns a sorted list by merging `List1` and `List2` using ordering function `Fun`, assuming both lists are pre-sorted according to `Fun` and contain no duplicates.

uniq(List1)

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` with duplicated elements removed (preserving the order of the elements).

uniq(Fun, List1)

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` without the elements for which `Fun` returned duplicate values (preserving the order of the elements).

unzip3(List1)

"Unzips" a list of three-tuples into three lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, the second list contains the second element of each tuple, and the third list contains the third element of each tuple.

unzip(List1)

"Unzips" a list of two-tuples into two lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, and the second list contains the second element of each tuple.

usort(List1)

Returns a sorted list of the elements of `List1`, keeping only the first occurrence of elements that compare equal.

usort(Fun, List1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1` where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal according to the ordering function `Fun` have been removed.

zip3(List1, List2, List3)

Equivalent to `zip3(List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

zip3(List1, List2, List3, How)

"Zips" three lists into one list of three-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list, the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list, and the third element is taken from the corresponding element in the third list.

zip(List1, List2)

Equivalent to `zip(List1, List2, fail)`.

zip(List1, List2, How)

"Zips" two lists into one list of two-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list and the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list.

zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3)

Equivalent to `zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How)

Combines the elements of three lists into a single list using the `Combine` fun.

zipwith(Combine, List1, List2)

Equivalent to `zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, fail)`.

zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How)

Combines the elements of two lists into a single list using the `Combine` fun.

## Functions

# all(Pred, List)

    -spec all(Pred, List) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for all elements `Elem` in `List`; otherwise, returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> IsEven = fun(N) -> N rem 2 =:= 0 end.
    2> lists:all(IsEven, [2,4,5]).
    false
    3> lists:all(IsEven, [2,4,6]).
    true

# any(Pred, List)

    -spec any(Pred, List) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for at least one element `Elem` in `List`; otherwise, returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> IsEven = fun(N) -> N rem 2 =:= 0 end.
    2> lists:any(IsEven, [3,5,7]).
    false
    3> lists:any(IsEven, [2,3,5,7]).
    true

# append(ListOfLists)

    -spec append(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list in which all sublists of `ListOfLists` have been concatenated.

## Examples

    1> lists:append([[1, 2, 3], [a, b], [4, 5, 6]]).
    [1,2,3,a,b,4,5,6]

# append(List1, List2)

    -spec append(List1, List2) -> List3 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a new list, `List3`, consisting of the elements of `List1`, followed by the elements of `List2`.

## Examples

    1> lists:append("abc", "def").
    "abcdef"

`lists:append(A, B)` is equivalent to `A ++ B`.

# concat(Things)

    -spec concat(Things) -> string()
                    when Things :: [Thing], Thing :: atom() | integer() | float() | string().

Concatenates the text representation of the elements of `Things`.

The elements of `Things` can be atoms, integers, floats, or strings.

## Examples

    1> lists:concat([doc, '/', file, '.', 3]).
    "doc/file.3"

# delete(Elem, List1)

    -spec delete(Elem, List1) -> List2 when Elem :: T, List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a copy of `List1` where the first element matching `Elem` is removed, if there is such an element.

## Examples

    1> lists:delete(b, [a,b,c]).
    [a,c]
    2> lists:delete(x, [a,b,c]).
    [a,b,c]

# droplast(List)

(since OTP 17.0)

    -spec droplast(List) -> InitList when List :: [T, ...], InitList :: [T], T :: term().

Drops the last element of a `List`.

The list must be non-empty; otherwise, the function raises a `function_clause` exception.

## Examples

    1> lists:droplast([1]).
    []
    2> lists:droplast([1,2,3]).
    [1,2]
    3> lists:droplast([]).
    ** exception error: no function clause matching lists:droplast([])

# dropwhile(Pred, List1)

    -spec dropwhile(Pred, List1) -> List2
                       when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Drops elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, and then returns the remaining list.

## Examples

    1> lists:dropwhile(fun is_atom/1, [a,b,c,1,2,3,x,y,z]).
    [1,2,3,x,y,z]
    2> lists:dropwhile(fun is_integer/1, [a,b,c,1,2,3,x,y,z]).
    [a,b,c,1,2,3,x,y,z]

# duplicate(N, Elem)

    -spec duplicate(N, Elem) -> List when N :: non_neg_integer(), Elem :: T, List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing `N` copies of term `Elem`.

## Examples

    1> lists:duplicate(5, xx).
    [xx,xx,xx,xx,xx]

# enumerate(List1)

(since OTP 25.0)

    -spec enumerate(List1) -> List2
                       when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [{Index, T}], Index :: integer(), T :: term().

Equivalent to `enumerate(1, 1, List1)`.

# enumerate(Index, List1)

(since OTP 25.0)

    -spec enumerate(Index, List1) -> List2
                       when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [{Index, T}], Index :: integer(), T :: term().

Equivalent to `enumerate(Index, 1, List1)`.

# enumerate(Index, Step, List1)

(since OTP 26.0)

    -spec enumerate(Index, Step, List1) -> List2
                       when
                           List1 :: [T],
                           List2 :: [{Index, T}],
                           Index :: integer(),
                           Step :: integer(),
                           T :: term().

Returns `List1` with each element `H` replaced by a tuple of form `{I, H}`, where `I` is the position of `H` in `List1`.

The enumeration starts with `Index` and increases by `Step` in each step.

That is, `enumerate/3` behaves as if it were defined as follows:

    enumerate(I, S, List) ->
      {List1, _ } = lists:mapfoldl(fun(T, Acc) -> {{Acc, T}, Acc+S} end, I, List),
      List1.

The default values for `Index` and `Step` are both `1`.

## Examples

    1> lists:enumerate([a,b,c]).
    [{1,a},{2,b},{3,c}]
    2> lists:enumerate(10, [a,b,c]).
    [{10,a},{11,b},{12,c}]
    3> lists:enumerate(0, -2, [a,b,c]).
    [{0,a},{-2,b},{-4,c}]

# filter(Pred, List1)

    -spec filter(Pred, List1) -> List2
                    when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list of elements `Elem` in `List1` for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`.

## Examples

    1> IsEven = fun(N) -> N rem 2 =:= 0 end.
    2> lists:filter(IsEven, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    [2,4]

# filtermap(Fun, List1)

(since OTP R16B01)

    -spec filtermap(Fun, List1) -> List2
                       when
                           Fun :: fun((Elem) -> boolean() | {true, Value}),
                           List1 :: [Elem],
                           List2 :: [Elem | Value],
                           Elem :: term(),
                           Value :: term().

Calls `Fun(Elem)` on successive elements `Elem` of `List1` to update or remove elements from `List1`.

`Fun/1` must return either a Boolean or a tuple `{true, Value}`. The function returns the list of elements for which `Fun` returns a new value, with `true` being equivalent to `{true, Elem}`.

That is, `filtermap` behaves as if it were defined as follows:

    filtermap(Fun, List1) ->
        lists:flatmap(fun(Elem) ->
                              case Fun(Elem) of
                                  false -> [];
                                  true -> [Elem];
                                  {true,Value} -> [Value]
                              end
                      end, List1).

## Examples

    1> lists:filtermap(fun(X) ->
                               case X rem 2 of
                                   0 -> {true, X div 2};
                                   1 -> false
                               end
                       end, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    [1,2]

# flatlength(DeepList)

    -spec flatlength(DeepList) -> non_neg_integer() when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList].

Equivalent to `length(flatten(DeepList))`, but more efficient.

## Examples

    1> lists:flatlength([a,[b,c,[d,e]],f,[[g,h,i]]]).
    9
    2> lists:flatlength([[[]]]).
    0

# flatmap(Fun, List1)

    -spec flatmap(Fun, List1) -> List2
                     when Fun :: fun((A) -> [B]), List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

Takes a function from `A`s to lists of `B`s, and a list of `A`s (`List1`), producing a list of `B`s by applying the function to each element in `List1` and appending the resulting lists.

That is, `flatmap` behaves as if it were defined as follows:

    flatmap(Fun, List1) ->
        lists:append(lists:map(Fun, List1)).

## Examples

    1> lists:flatmap(fun(X)-> [X,X] end, [a,b,c]).
    [a,a,b,b,c,c]
    2> F = fun(N) when is_integer(N) -> [10 * N];
              (_) -> []
           end, ok.
    3> lists:flatmap(F, [1,2,a,b,c,3]).
    [10,20,30]

# flatten(DeepList)

    -spec flatten(DeepList) -> List when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList], List :: [term()].

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList`.

## Examples

    1> lists:flatten([a,[b,c,[d,e]],f]).
    [a,b,c,d,e,f]

# flatten(DeepList, Tail)

    -spec flatten(DeepList, Tail) -> List
                     when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList], Tail :: [term()], List :: [term()].

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList` with tail `Tail` appended.

## Examples

    1> lists:flatten([a,[b,c,[d,e]],f], [g,h,i]).
    [a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i]

# foldl(Fun, Acc0, List)

    -spec foldl(Fun, Acc0, List) -> Acc1
                   when
                       Fun :: fun((Elem :: T, AccIn) -> AccOut),
                       Acc0 :: term(),
                       Acc1 :: term(),
                       AccIn :: term(),
                       AccOut :: term(),
                       List :: [T],
                       T :: term().

Calls `Fun(Elem, AccIn)` on successive elements `A` of `List`, starting with `AccIn` bound to `Acc0`.

`Fun/2` must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. `Acc0` is returned if the list is empty.

## Examples

    1> lists:foldl(fun(X, Sum) -> X + Sum end, 0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    15
    2> lists:foldl(fun(X, Prod) -> X * Prod end, 1, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    120

# foldr(Fun, Acc0, List)

    -spec foldr(Fun, Acc0, List) -> Acc1
                   when
                       Fun :: fun((Elem :: T, AccIn) -> AccOut),
                       Acc0 :: term(),
                       Acc1 :: term(),
                       AccIn :: term(),
                       AccOut :: term(),
                       List :: [T],
                       T :: term().

Like `foldl/3`, but the list is traversed from right to left.

## Examples

    1> P = fun(A, AccIn) -> [A|AccIn] end.
    2> lists:foldl(P, [], [1,2,3]).
    [3,2,1]
    3> lists:foldr(P, [], [1,2,3]).
    [1,2,3]

`foldl/3` is tail-recursive and is usually preferred to `foldr/3`.

# foreach(Fun, List)

    -spec foreach(Fun, List) -> ok when Fun :: fun((Elem :: T) -> term()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Calls `Fun(Elem)` for each element `Elem` in `List`, ignoring the return value.

This function is used for its side effects and the evaluation order is defined to be the same as the order of the elements in the list.

# join(Sep, List1)

(since OTP 19.0)

    -spec join(Sep, List1) -> List2 when Sep :: T, List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Inserts `Sep` between each element in `List1`.

Has no effect on an empty list or a singleton list.

## Examples

    1> lists:join(x, [a,b,c]).
    [a,x,b,x,c]
    2> lists:join(x, [a]).
    [a]
    3> lists:join(x, []).
    []

# keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1)

    -spec keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                       when
                           Key :: term(),
                           N :: pos_integer(),
                           TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                           TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                           Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of `TupleList1`, where the first occurrence of a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is removed, if there is such a tuple.

## Examples

    1> lists:keydelete(c, 1, [{b,1}, {c,55}, {d,75}]).
    [{b,1},{d,75}]
    2> lists:keydelete(unknown, 1, [{b,1}, {c,55}, {d,75}]).
    [{b,1},{c,55},{d,75}]

# keyfind(Key, N, TupleList)

    -spec keyfind(Key, N, TupleList) -> Tuple | false
                     when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`.

Returns `Tuple` if such a tuple is found; otherwise, returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> lists:keyfind(b, 1, [{a,10}, {b,20}, {c,30}]).
    {b,20}
    2> lists:keyfind(unknown, 1, [{a,10}, {b,20}, {c,30}]).
    false

# keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1)

    -spec keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                    when
                        Fun :: fun((Term1 :: term()) -> Term2 :: term()),
                        N :: pos_integer(),
                        TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                        TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                        Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list of tuples where, for each tuple in `TupleList1`, the `N`th element `Term1` of the tuple has been replaced with the result of calling `Fun(Term1)`.

## Examples

    1> Fun = fun(Atom) -> atom_to_list(Atom) end.
    2> lists:keymap(Fun, 2, [{name,jane,22},{name,lizzie,20},{name,lydia,15}]).
    [{name,"jane",22},{name,"lizzie",20},{name,"lydia",15}]

# keymember(Key, N, TupleList)

    -spec keymember(Key, N, TupleList) -> boolean()
                       when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns `true` if `TupleList` contains a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`; otherwise, returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> lists:keymember(b, 1, [{a,10}, {b,20}, {c,30}]).
    true
    2> lists:keymember(unknown, 1, [{a,10}, {b,20}, {c,30}]).
    false

# keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

    -spec keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2) -> TupleList3
                      when
                          N :: pos_integer(),
                          TupleList1 :: [T1],
                          TupleList2 :: [T2],
                          TupleList3 :: [T1 | T2],
                          T1 :: Tuple,
                          T2 :: Tuple,
                          Tuple :: tuple().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2`.

The merge is performed on the `N`th element of each tuple. Both `TupleList1` and `TupleList2` must be key-sorted before evaluating this function. When the key elements of the two tuples compare equal, the tuple from `TupleList1` is picked before the tuple from `TupleList2`.

## Examples

    1> lists:keymerge(2, [{b, 50}], [{c, 20}, {a, 50}]).
    [{c,20},{b,50},{a,50}]

# keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

    -spec keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple) -> TupleList2
                        when
                            Key :: term(),
                            N :: pos_integer(),
                            TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                            TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                            NewTuple :: Tuple,
                            Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a tuple `T` whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is replaced with `NewTuple`, if there is such a tuple `T`.

## Examples

    1> lists:keyreplace(c, 1, [{b,1}, {c,55}, {d,75}], {new,tuple}).
    [{b,1},{new,tuple},{d,75}]
    2> lists:keyreplace(unknown, 1, [{b,1}, {c,55}, {d,75}], {new,tuple}).
    [{b,1},{c,55},{d,75}]

# keysearch(Key, N, TupleList)

    -spec keysearch(Key, N, TupleList) -> {value, Tuple} | false
                       when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`.

Returns `{value, Tuple}` if such a tuple is found; otherwise, returns `false`.

#### Note

This function is retained for backward compatibility. Function `keyfind/3` is easier to use and more efficient.

# keysort(N, TupleList1)

    -spec keysort(N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                     when N :: pos_integer(), TupleList1 :: [Tuple], TupleList2 :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list of the elements in `TupleList1`, sorted by the `N`th element of each tuple.

The sort is stable.

## Examples

    1> lists:keysort(2, [{a, 99}, {b, 17}, {c, 50}, {d, 50}]).
    [{b,17},{c,50},{d,50},{a,99}]

# keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

    -spec keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple) -> TupleList2
                      when
                          Key :: term(),
                          N :: pos_integer(),
                          TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                          TupleList2 :: [Tuple, ...],
                          NewTuple :: Tuple,
                          Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` with the first tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` replaced by `NewTuple`, or with `[NewTuple]` appended if no such tuple exists.

## Examples

    1> lists:keystore(b, 1, [{a, 10}, {b, 23}, {c, 99}], {bb, 1}).
    [{a, 10}, {bb, 1}, {c, 99}]
    2> lists:keystore(z, 1, [{a, 10}, {b, 23}, {c, 99}], {z, 2}).
    [{a, 10}, {b, 23}, {c, 99}, {z, 2}]

# keytake(Key, N, TupleList1)

    -spec keytake(Key, N, TupleList1) -> {value, Tuple, TupleList2} | false
                     when
                         Key :: term(),
                         N :: pos_integer(),
                         TupleList1 :: [tuple()],
                         TupleList2 :: [tuple()],
                         Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList1` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`, returning `{value, Tuple, TupleList2}` if found, where `TupleList2` is a copy of `TupleList1` with the first occurrence of `Tuple` removed.

Otherwise, returns `false` if no such tuple is found.

## Examples

    1> lists:keytake(b, 1, [{a, 10}, {b, 23}, {c, 99}]).
    {value,{b,23},[{a, 10},{c, 99}]}
    2> lists:keytake(z, 1, [{a, 10}, {b, 23}, {c, 99}]).
    false

# last(List)

    -spec last(List) -> Last when List :: [T, ...], Last :: T, T :: term().

Returns the last element in `List`.

The list must be non-empty; otherwise, the function raises a `function_clause` exception.

## Examples

    1> lists:last([1]).
    1
    2> lists:last([1,2,3]).
    3
    3> lists:last([]).
    ** exception error: no function clause matching lists:last([])

# map(Fun, List1)

    -spec map(Fun, List1) -> List2
                 when Fun :: fun((A) -> B), List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

Takes a function from `A`s to `B`s and a list of `A`s, producing a list of `B`s by applying the function to each element in the list.

## Examples

    1> lists:map(fun(N) -> N + 1 end, [1,2,3]).
    [2,3,4]

# mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1)

    -spec mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc1}
                      when
                          Fun :: fun((A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}),
                          Acc0 :: term(),
                          Acc1 :: term(),
                          AccIn :: term(),
                          AccOut :: term(),
                          List1 :: [A],
                          List2 :: [B],
                          A :: term(),
                          B :: term().

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldl/3` into one pass.

## Examples

Summing the elements in a list and double them at the same time:

    1> lists:mapfoldl(fun(X, Sum) -> {2*X, X+Sum} end, 0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[2,4,6,8,10],15}

# mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1)

    -spec mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc1}
                      when
                          Fun :: fun((A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}),
                          Acc0 :: term(),
                          Acc1 :: term(),
                          AccIn :: term(),
                          AccOut :: term(),
                          List1 :: [A],
                          List2 :: [B],
                          A :: term(),
                          B :: term().

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldr/3` into one pass.

#### Note

Unless the order in which the elements are accumulated is important, prefer `mapfoldl/3` as it is slightly more efficient.

## Examples

Doubling the elements in list and producing a list of squares at the same time:

    1> lists:mapfoldr(fun(X, Acc) -> {2*X, [X*X|Acc]} end, [], [1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[2,4,6,8,10],[1,4,9,16,25]}

# max(List)

    -spec max(List) -> Max when List :: [T, ...], Max :: T, T :: term().

Returns the first element of `List` that compares greater than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

## Examples

    1> lists:max([17,19,7,55]).
    55
    2> lists:max([]).
    ** exception error: no function clause matching lists:max([])

# member(Elem, List)

    -spec member(Elem, List) -> boolean() when Elem :: T, List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `Elem` matches some element of `List`; otherwise, returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> lists:member(2, [1,2,3]).
    true
    2> lists:member(nope, [1,2,3]).
    false

# merge3(List1, List2, List3)

    -spec merge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                    when
                        List1 :: [X],
                        List2 :: [Y],
                        List3 :: [Z],
                        List4 :: [X | Y | Z],
                        X :: term(),
                        Y :: term(),
                        Z :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`.

All of `List1`, `List2`, and `List3` must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1`, if there is such an element, is picked before the other element, otherwise the element from `List2` is picked before the element from `List3`.

## Examples

    1> lists:merge3([a,o], [g,q], [j]).
    [a,g,j,o,q]

# merge(ListOfLists)

    -spec merge(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all sublists of `ListOfLists`.

All sublists must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from the sublist with the lowest position in `ListOfLists` is picked before the other element.

## Examples

    1> lists:merge([[b,l,l], [g,k,q]]).
    [b,g,k,l,l,q]

# merge(List1, List2)

    -spec merge(List1, List2) -> List3
                   when List1 :: [X], List2 :: [Y], List3 :: [X | Y], X :: term(), Y :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`.

Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked before the element from `List2`.

## Examples

    1> lists:merge([a,o], [b,x]).
    [a,b,o,x]

# merge(Fun, List1, List2)

    -spec merge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List3
                   when
                       Fun :: fun((A, B) -> boolean()),
                       List1 :: [A],
                       List2 :: [B],
                       List3 :: [A | B],
                       A :: term(),
                       B :: term().

Returns a sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2` based on `Fun`.

Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted according to the ordering function `Fun` before evaluating this function.

`Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`. When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked before the element from `List2`.

## Examples

    1> F = fun(A, B) -> tuple_size(A) =< tuple_size(B) end.
    2> lists:merge(F, [{x, y}, {a, b, c}], [{q, w}]).
    [{x,y},{q,w},{a,b,c}]

# min(List)

    -spec min(List) -> Min when List :: [T, ...], Min :: T, T :: term().

Returns the first element of `List` that compares less than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

## Examples

    1> lists:min([17,19,7,55]).
    7
    2> lists:min([]).
    ** exception error: no function clause matching lists:min([])

# nth(N, List)

    -spec nth(N, List) -> Elem when N :: pos_integer(), List :: [T, ...], Elem :: T, T :: term().

Returns the `N`th element of `List`.

## Examples

    1> lists:nth(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    c

# nthtail(N, List)

    -spec nthtail(N, List) -> Tail when N :: non_neg_integer(), List :: [T], Tail :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the `N`th tail of `List`, meaning the sublist of `List` starting at `N+1` and continuing to the end of the list.

## Examples

    1> lists:nthtail(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    [d,e]
    2> tl(tl(tl([a, b, c, d, e]))).
    [d,e]
    3> lists:nthtail(0, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    [a,b,c,d,e]
    4> lists:nthtail(5, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    []

# partition(Pred, List)

    -spec partition(Pred, List) -> {Satisfying, NotSatisfying}
                       when
                           Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()),
                           List :: [T],
                           Satisfying :: [T],
                           NotSatisfying :: [T],
                           T :: term().

Partitions `List` into two lists: the first containing elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, and the second containing elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> lists:partition(fun(A) -> A rem 2 =:= 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
    {[1,3,5,7],[2,4,6]}
    2> lists:partition(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
    {[a,b,c,d,e],[1,2,3,4]}

For a different way to partition a list, see `splitwith/2`.

# prefix(List1, List2)

    -spec prefix(List1, List2) -> boolean() when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `List1` is a prefix of `List2`; otherwise, returns `false`.

A prefix of a list is the first part of the list, starting from the beginning and stopping at any point.

## Examples

    1> lists:prefix("abc", "abcdef").
    true
    2> lists:prefix("def", "abcdef").
    false
    3> lists:prefix([], "any list").
    true
    4> lists:prefix("abc", "abc").
    true

# reverse(List1)

    -spec reverse(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements in `List1` in reverse order.

## Examples

    1> lists:reverse([1,2,3]).
    [3,2,1]

# reverse(List1, Tail)

    -spec reverse(List1, Tail) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], Tail :: term(), List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` in reverse order, with tail `Tail` appended.

## Examples

    1> lists:reverse([1, 2, 3, 4], [a, b, c]).
    [4,3,2,1,a,b,c]

# search(Pred, List)

(since OTP 21.0)

    -spec search(Pred, List) -> {value, Value} | false
                    when Pred :: fun((T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], Value :: T.

If there is a `Value` in `List` such that `Pred(Value)` returns `true`, returns `{value, Value}` for the first such `Value`; otherwise, returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> lists:search(fun is_atom/1, [1,2,3,a,b,c]).
    {value,a}
    2> lists:search(fun(#{a := V}) -> V =:= 42 end,
         [#{a => 1}, #{a => 42}, #{a => 100}]).
    {value,#{a => 42}}

# seq(From, To)

    -spec seq(From, To) -> Seq when From :: integer(), To :: integer(), Seq :: [integer()].

Equivalent to `seq(From, To, 1)`.

# seq(From, To, Incr)

    -spec seq(From, To, Incr) -> Seq
                 when From :: integer(), To :: integer(), Incr :: integer(), Seq :: [integer()].

Returns a sequence of integers that starts with `From` and contains the successive results of adding `Incr` to the previous element, until `To` is reached or passed (in the latter case, `To` is not an element of the sequence).

`Incr` defaults to 1.

Failures:

- If `To < From - Incr` and `Incr > 0`.
- If `To > From - Incr` and `Incr < 0`.
- If `Incr =:= 0` and `From =/= To`.

The following equalities hold for all sequences:

    length(lists:seq(From, To)) =:= To - From + 1
    length(lists:seq(From, To, Incr)) =:= (To - From + Incr) div Incr

## Examples

    1> lists:seq(1, 10).
    [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
    2> lists:seq(1, 20, 3).
    [1,4,7,10,13,16,19]
    3> lists:seq(1, 0, 1).
    []
    4> lists:seq(10, 6, 4).
    []
    5> lists:seq(1, 1, 0).
    [1]

# sort(List1)

    -spec sort(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1`.

The sort is stable.

## Examples

    1> lists:sort([4,1,3,2]).
    [1,2,3,4]
    2> lists:sort([a,4,3,b,9]).
    [3,4,9,a,b]

Since the sort is stable, the relative order of elements that compare equal is not changed:

    1> lists:sort([1.0,1]).
    [1.0,1]
    2> lists:sort([1,1.0]).
    [1,1.0]

# sort(Fun, List1)

    -spec sort(Fun, List1) -> List2
                  when Fun :: fun((A :: T, B :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list of the elements in `List1`, sorted according to the ordering function `Fun`, where `Fun(A, B)` returns `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering; otherwise, it returns `false`.

## Examples

    1> F = fun(A, B) -> tuple_size(A) =< tuple_size(B) end.
    2> lists:sort(F, [{a, b, c}, {x, y}, {q, w}]).
    [{x,y},{q,w},{a,b,c}]

# split(N, List1)

    -spec split(N, List1) -> {List2, List3}
                   when N :: non_neg_integer(), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Splits `List1` into `List2`, containing the first `N` elements, and `List3`, containing the rest.

## Examples

    1> lists:split(3, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
    {[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]}

# splitwith(Pred, List)

    -spec splitwith(Pred, List) -> {List1, List2}
                       when
                           Pred :: fun((T) -> boolean()),
                           List :: [T],
                           List1 :: [T],
                           List2 :: [T],
                           T :: term().

Partitions `List` into two lists according to `Pred`.

`splitwith/2` behaves as if it were defined as follows:

    splitwith(Pred, List) ->
        {takewhile(Pred, List), dropwhile(Pred, List)}.

## Examples

    1> lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> A rem 2 =:= 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
    {[1],[2,3,4,5,6,7]}
    2> lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
    {[a,b],[1,c,d,2,3,4,e]}

For a different way to partition a list, see `partition/2`.

# sublist(List1, Len)

    -spec sublist(List1, Len) -> List2
                     when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], Len :: non_neg_integer(), T :: term().

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at position 1 and with no more than `Len` elements.

It is not an error for `Len` to exceed the length of the list, in which case the whole list is returned.

## Examples

    1> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4,5], 2).
    [1,2]
    2> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4,5], 99).
    [1,2,3,4,5]

# sublist(List1, Start, Len)

    -spec sublist(List1, Start, Len) -> List2
                     when
                         List1 :: [T],
                         List2 :: [T],
                         Start :: pos_integer(),
                         Len :: non_neg_integer(),
                         T :: term().

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at `Start` and with no more than `Len` elements.

It is not an error for `Start+Len` to exceed the length of the list.

## Examples

    1> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 2, 2).
    [2,3]
    2> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 2, 5).
    [2,3,4]
    3> lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 5, 2).
    []

# subtract(List1, List2)

    -spec subtract(List1, List2) -> List3 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a new list, `List3`, which is a copy of `List1` with the following modification: for each element in `List2`, its first occurrence in `List1` is removed.

## Examples

    1> lists:subtract("123212", "212").
    "312"

`lists:subtract(A, B)` is equivalent to `A -- B`.

# suffix(List1, List2)

    -spec suffix(List1, List2) -> boolean() when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `List1` is a suffix of `List2`; otherwise, returns `false`.

A suffix of a list is the last part of the list, starting from any position and going all the way to the end.

## Examples

    1> lists:suffix("abc", "abcdef").
    false
    2> lists:suffix("def", "abcdef").
    true
    3> lists:suffix([], "any list").
    true
    4> lists:suffix("abc", "abc").
    true

# sum(List)

    -spec sum(List) -> number() when List :: [number()].

Returns the sum of the elements in `List`.

## Examples

    1> lists:sum([]).
    0
    2> lists:sum([1,2,3]).
    6

# takewhile(Pred, List1)

    -spec takewhile(Pred, List1) -> List2
                       when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Takes elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, returning the longest prefix in which all elements satisfy the predicate.

## Examples

    1> lists:takewhile(fun is_atom/1, [a,b,c,1,2,3,x,y,z]).
    [a,b,c]
    2> lists:takewhile(fun is_integer/1, [a,b,c,1,2,3,x,y,z]).
    []

# ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

    -spec ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2) -> TupleList3
                       when
                           N :: pos_integer(),
                           TupleList1 :: [T1],
                           TupleList2 :: [T2],
                           TupleList3 :: [T1 | T2],
                           T1 :: Tuple,
                           T2 :: Tuple,
                           Tuple :: tuple().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2` based on the `N`th element of each tuple.

Both `TupleList1` and `TupleList2` must be key-sorted without duplicates before evaluating this function.

When the `N`th elements of two tuples compare equal, the tuple from `TupleList1` is picked and the one from `TupleList2` is removed.

## Examples

    1> lists:ukeymerge(1, [{a, 33}, {c, 15}], [{a, 59}, {d, 39}]).
    [{a,33},{c,15},{d,39}]

# ukeysort(N, TupleList1)

    -spec ukeysort(N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                      when
                          N :: pos_integer(), TupleList1 :: [Tuple], TupleList2 :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a sorted list of the elements in `TupleList1`, keeping only the first occurrence of tuples whose `N`th elements compare equal.

Sorting is performed on the `N`th element of the tuples.

## Examples

    1> lists:ukeysort(2, [{a, 27}, {d, 23}, {e, 23}]).
    [{d,23}, {a, 27}]

# umerge3(List1, List2, List3)

    -spec umerge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                     when
                         List1 :: [X],
                         List2 :: [Y],
                         List3 :: [Z],
                         List4 :: [X | Y | Z],
                         X :: term(),
                         Y :: term(),
                         Z :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`, while removing duplicates.

All of `List1`, `List2`, and `List3` must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked if there is such an element, otherwise the element from `List2` is picked, and the other is removed.

## Examples

    1> lists:umerge3([a,b], [a,d,e], [b,f]).
    [a,b,d,e,f]

# umerge(ListOfLists)

    -spec umerge(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a sorted list formed by merging all sublists in `ListOfLists`, while removing duplicates.

All sublists must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from the sublist with the lowest position in `ListOfLists` is picked and the other is removed.

## Examples

    1> lists:umerge([[a,b], [a,d,e]]).
    [a,b,d,e]

# umerge(List1, List2)

    -spec umerge(List1, List2) -> List3
                    when List1 :: [X], List2 :: [Y], List3 :: [X | Y], X :: term(), Y :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`, while removing duplicates.

Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked and the one from `List2` is removed.

## Examples

    1> lists:umerge([a,b], [a,d,e]).
    [a,b,d,e]

# umerge(Fun, List1, List2)

    -spec umerge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List3
                    when
                        Fun :: fun((A, B) -> boolean()),
                        List1 :: [A],
                        List2 :: [B],
                        List3 :: [A | B],
                        A :: term(),
                        B :: term().

Returns a sorted list by merging `List1` and `List2` using ordering function `Fun`, assuming both lists are pre-sorted according to `Fun` and contain no duplicates.

`Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering; otherwise, it should return `false`. When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked and the one from `List2` is removed.

## Examples

    1> F = fun(A, B) -> tuple_size(A) =< tuple_size(B) end.
    2> lists:umerge(F, [{x, y}, {a, b, c}], [{q, w}, {x, y, z, w}]).
    [{x,y},{a,b,c},{x,y,z,w}]

# uniq(List1)

(since OTP 25.0)

    -spec uniq(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` with duplicated elements removed (preserving the order of the elements).

The first occurrence of each element is kept.

## Examples

    1> lists:uniq([3, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3]).
    [3,1,2]
    2> lists:uniq([a, a, 1, b, 2, a, 3]).
    [a, 1, b, 2, 3]

# uniq(Fun, List1)

(since OTP 25.0)

    -spec uniq(Fun, List1) -> List2 when Fun :: fun((T) -> any()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` without the elements for which `Fun` returned duplicate values (preserving the order of the elements).

The first occurrence of each element is kept.

## Examples

    1> lists:uniq(fun({X, _}) -> X end, [{b, 2}, {a, 1}, {c, 3}, {a, 2}]).
    [{b, 2}, {a, 1}, {c, 3}]

# unzip3(List1)

    -spec unzip3(List1) -> {List2, List3, List4}
                    when
                        List1 :: [{A, B, C}],
                        List2 :: [A],
                        List3 :: [B],
                        List4 :: [C],
                        A :: term(),
                        B :: term(),
                        C :: term().

"Unzips" a list of three-tuples into three lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, the second list contains the second element of each tuple, and the third list contains the third element of each tuple.

## Examples

    1> lists:unzip3([{a, 1, 2}, {b, 777, 999}]).
    {[a,b],[1,777],[2,999]}

# unzip(List1)

    -spec unzip(List1) -> {List2, List3}
                   when List1 :: [{A, B}], List2 :: [A], List3 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

"Unzips" a list of two-tuples into two lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, and the second list contains the second element of each tuple.

## Examples

    1> lists:unzip([{1, a}, {2, b}]).
    {[1,2],[a,b]}

# usort(List1)

    -spec usort(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a sorted list of the elements of `List1`, keeping only the first occurrence of elements that compare equal.

## Examples

    1> lists:usort([a,x,y,b,c,x,a]).
    [a,b,c,x,y]
    2> lists:usort([3,2,a,3,2,a,1,3,b,2,2,1]).
    [1,2,3,a,b]
    3> lists:usort([1.0,1]).
    [1.0]
    4> lists:usort([1,1.0]).
    [1]

# usort(Fun, List1)

    -spec usort(Fun, List1) -> List2
                   when Fun :: fun((T, T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1` where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal according to the ordering function `Fun` have been removed.

`Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`.

## Examples

    1> F = fun(A, B) -> tuple_size(A) =< tuple_size(B) end.
    2> lists:usort(F, [{a, b, c}, {x, y}, {q, w}]).
    [{x,y},{a,b,c}]

# zip3(List1, List2, List3)

    -spec zip3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                  when
                      List1 :: [A],
                      List2 :: [B],
                      List3 :: [C],
                      List4 :: [{A, B, C}],
                      A :: term(),
                      B :: term(),
                      C :: term().

Equivalent to `zip3(List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

# zip3(List1, List2, List3, How)

(since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zip3(List1, List2, List3, How) -> List4
                  when
                      List1 :: [A],
                      List2 :: [B],
                      List3 :: [C],
                      List4 :: [{A | DefaultA, B | DefaultB, C | DefaultC}],
                      A :: term(),
                      B :: term(),
                      C :: term(),
                      How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultA, DefaultB, DefaultC}},
                      DefaultA :: term(),
                      DefaultB :: term(),
                      DefaultC :: term().

"Zips" three lists into one list of three-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list, the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list, and the third element is taken from the corresponding element in the third list.

For a description of the `How` parameter, see `zip/3`.

## Examples

    1> lists:zip3([a], [1, 2, 3], [17, 19], trim).
    [{a,1,17}]
    2> lists:zip3([a], [1, 2, 3], [17, 19], {pad, {z, 0, 0}}).
    [{a,1,17}, {z,2,19}, {z,3,0}]

# zip(List1, List2)

    -spec zip(List1, List2) -> List3
                 when List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], List3 :: [{A, B}], A :: term(), B :: term().

Equivalent to `zip(List1, List2, fail)`.

# zip(List1, List2, How)

(since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zip(List1, List2, How) -> List3
                 when
                     List1 :: [A],
                     List2 :: [B],
                     List3 :: [{A | DefaultA, B | DefaultB}],
                     A :: term(),
                     B :: term(),
                     How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultA, DefaultB}},
                     DefaultA :: term(),
                     DefaultB :: term().

"Zips" two lists into one list of two-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list and the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list.

The `How` parameter specifies the behavior if the given lists are of different lengths.

- `fail` - The call will fail if the given lists are not of equal length. This is the default.

- `trim` - Surplus elements from the longer list will be ignored.

  ## Examples

      1> lists:zip([a, b], [1, 2, 3], trim).
      [{a,1},{b,2}]
      2> lists:zip([a, b, c], [1, 2], trim).
      [{a,1},{b,2}]

- `{pad, Defaults}` - The shorter list will be padded to the length of the longer list, using the respective elements from the given `Defaults` tuple.

  ## Examples

      1> lists:zip([a, b], [1, 2, 3], {pad, {x, 0}}).
      [{a,1},{b,2},{x,3}]
      2> lists:zip([a, b, c], [1, 2], {pad, {x, 0}}).
      [{a,1},{b,2},{c,0}]

# zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3)

    -spec zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                      when
                          Combine :: fun((X, Y, Z) -> T),
                          List1 :: [X],
                          List2 :: [Y],
                          List3 :: [Z],
                          List4 :: [T],
                          X :: term(),
                          Y :: term(),
                          Z :: term(),
                          T :: term().

Equivalent to `zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

# zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How)

(since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How) -> List4
                      when
                          Combine :: fun((X | DefaultX, Y | DefaultY, Z | DefaultZ) -> T),
                          List1 :: [X],
                          List2 :: [Y],
                          List3 :: [Z],
                          List4 :: [T],
                          X :: term(),
                          Y :: term(),
                          Z :: term(),
                          How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultX, DefaultY, DefaultZ}},
                          DefaultX :: term(),
                          DefaultY :: term(),
                          DefaultZ :: term(),
                          T :: term().

Combines the elements of three lists into a single list using the `Combine` fun.

For each triple `X, Y, Z` of list elements from the three lists, the element in the result list is `Combine(X, Y, Z)`.

For a description of the `How` parameter, see `zip/3`.

`zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> {X,Y,Z} end, List1, List2, List3)` is equivalent to `zip3(List1, List2, List3)`.

## Examples

    1> lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> X+Y+Z end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], fail).
    [12,15,18]
    2> lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> [X,Y,Z] end, [a,b,c], [x,y,z], [1,2,3], fail).
    [[a,x,1],[b,y,2],[c,z,3]]

# zipwith(Combine, List1, List2)

    -spec zipwith(Combine, List1, List2) -> List3
                     when
                         Combine :: fun((X, Y) -> T),
                         List1 :: [X],
                         List2 :: [Y],
                         List3 :: [T],
                         X :: term(),
                         Y :: term(),
                         T :: term().

Equivalent to `zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, fail)`.

# zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How)

(since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How) -> List3
                     when
                         Combine :: fun((X | DefaultX, Y | DefaultY) -> T),
                         List1 :: [X],
                         List2 :: [Y],
                         List3 :: [T],
                         X :: term(),
                         Y :: term(),
                         How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultX, DefaultY}},
                         DefaultX :: term(),
                         DefaultY :: term(),
                         T :: term().

Combines the elements of two lists into a single list using the `Combine` fun.

For each pair `X, Y` of list elements from the two lists, the element in the result list is `Combine(X, Y)`.

For a description of the `How` parameter, see `zip/3`.

`zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> {X,Y} end, List1, List2)` is equivalent to `zip(List1, List2)`.

## Examples

    1> lists:zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> X+Y end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6], fail).
    [5,7,9]